Dynamical Numerical Model of the Molluscan Radula in its Interaction with the Substrate and Food Particles

The radula, a chitinous membrane with teeth, is the molluscan autapomorphy for food gathering and processing. Even though this structure studied decades, interplay between particular or/and substrate remains mostly enigmatic. Here, we provide numerical model approach to understand relationship structure, feeding efficiency, partial work performed by system. This first simple dynamic radular interacts particles uneven substrate. protocol can be applied any system in future, as parameters (interaction structures, adhesion, size of particles, attachment angle teeth membrane, etc.) easily altered. will shed light on biomechanical adaptations (e.g., wear failure prevention) specific environment.